Classifying
Chemical Reactions

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Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Not always evident when an reaction takes place

Oxidation reactions

Usually occurring when is combined (joined) with another chemical. This can result in the reaction called
An example of combustion is

methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Combustion Video

Reduction reactions

Usually occur when oxygen is from another substance.  It is the of oxidation.

copper(II) oxide + carbon → copper + carbon dioxide
2CuO (s) + C (s) → 2Cu (s) + CO2 (g)
Here oxygen is removed from and added to .
Notice there is both a reduction reaction and an oxidation reaction occurring. This is called a .

Redox Reactions and electrons

Redox reactions do not always involve . They are many reaction that involve the transfer of from one substance to another.

OILRIGOxidation Is L, Reduction Is G

Metal Displacement Reactions

These are replacement reactions which are simple redox reactions where the move from one metal to
Example
Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)

ActSeries

Activity Series

Replacement reactions do not work all the time.  This is because some substances are reactive than others.
The activity series (see table ) summarizes this.


Extraction of Metals

Metals are extracted from their .  They bond to these substances because of their activity.  Very non-reactive substances are usually found in form like and gold.  Other very reactive metals are never found in their pure form and must be extracted.

Three groups are

The ones needing electrolysis are the most reactive.

Native metals

Metals are not very reactive like and . We find them in nature and they are separated from the surrounding sand and rocks by such things as crushing and .

Carbon Reduction

Naturally occurring metals found in . Some common ores are found in the table on page 156.

Extraction is done by reduction where the ore is heated with a pure form of carbon (possibly coke) and oxygen is forced in.

The reduction of iron ore works like this in a step process

Step 1
carbon + oxygen gas → carbon monoxide gas
2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
Step 2
Iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide gas à iron + carbon dioxide gas
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
This whole process is known as

Electrolysis

Carbon reduction does not work with the very reactive metals like , or
The process whereby an electrical current is passed through the molten ore is called .

The electricity pushes the electrons onto the metal ions and thus then.
The process uses large amounts of electricity and is very expensive. Some common metals extracted this way are , and .

Sodium can be extracted from molten salt by electrolysis.

Electrolysis

The result is two half reactions

sodium + an → sodium
Na+(aq) + e → Na(s)
And
chloride → chlorine gas +
2Cl(aq) → Cl (g) + 2e

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